Interstate Highways

An interstate highway is any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government. The idea for interstate highways came from Dwight D. Eisenhower after he saw the benefits of the Autobahn during wartime in Germany. There are now over 42,000 miles of interstate highways in the United States. Eisenhowers Idea On July 7, 1919, a young captain named Dwight David Eisenhower joined 294 other members of the U.S. Army and departed from Washington D.C. in the militarys first automobile caravan across the country. Due to poor roads and highways, the caravan averaged five miles per hour and took 62 days to reach Union Square in San Francisco. At the end of World War II, General Dwight David Eisenhower surveyed the war damage to Germany and was impressed by the durability of the Autobahn. While a single bomb could make a train route useless, Germanys wide and modern highways could usually be used immediately after being bombed, as it was difficult to destroy such a wide swath of concrete or asphalt. These two experiences helped show President Eisenhower the importance of efficient highways. In the 1950s, America was so frightened of nuclear attack by the Soviet Union that people were even building bomb shelters at home. It was thought that a modern interstate highway system could provide citizens with evacuation routes from the cities and would also allow the rapid movement of military equipment across the country. The Plan for a U.S. Interstate Map Within a year after Eisenhower became President in 1953, he began to push for a system of interstate highways across the United States. Although federal highways covered many areas of the country, the interstate highway plan would create 42,000 miles of limited-access, very modern highways. Eisenhower and his staff worked for two years to get the worlds largest public works project approved by Congress. On June 29, 1956, the Federal Aid Highway Act (FAHA) of 1956 was signed. Interstates, as they would be known, began to spread across the landscape. Requirements for Each Interstate Highway The FAHA provided for federal funding of 90 percent of the cost of the Interstates, with the states contributing the remaining 10 percent. The standards for the interstate highways were highly regulated. Lanes were required to be 12 feet wide, shoulders were 10 feet wide, a minimum of 14 feet of clearance under each bridge was required, grades had to be less than 3 percent, and the highway had to be designed for travel at 70 miles per hour. However, one of the most important aspects of the interstate highways was their limited access. Although prior federal or state highways allowed, for the most part, any road to be connected to the highway, the interstate highways only allowed access from a limited number of controlled interchanges. With over 42,000 miles of interstate highways, there were to be only 16,000 interchanges  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  less than one for every two miles of road. That was just an average; in some rural areas, there are dozens of miles between interchanges. The First and Last Stretches Completed Less than five months after the FAHA of 1956 was signed, the first stretch of interstate opened in Topeka, Kansas. The eight-mile piece of highway opened on November 14, 1956. The plan for the interstate highway system was to complete all 42,000 miles within 16 years (by 1972.) Actually, it took 37 years to complete the system. The last link, Interstate 105 in Los Angeles, was not completed until 1993. Signs Along the Highway In 1957, the red, white, and blue shield symbol for the interstates numbering system was developed. Two-digit interstate highways are numbered according to direction and location. Highways running north-south are odd-numbered, while highways running east-west are even-numbered. The lowest numbers are in the west and in the south. Three-digit interstate highway numbers represent beltways or loops, attached to a primary interstate highway (represented by the last two numbers of the beltways number). Washington D.C.s beltway is numbered 495 because its parent highway is I-95. In the late 1950s, the signs displaying white lettering on a green background were made official. Specific motorist-testers drove along a special stretch of highway and voted on which color was their favorite. The results showed that 15 percent liked white on black and 27 percent liked white on blue, but 58 percent liked white on green best. Why Does Hawaii Have Interstate Highways? Although Alaska has no Interstate Highways, Hawaii does. Since any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government is called an interstate highway, a highway does not have to cross state lines. In fact, there are many local routes that lie entirely within a single state that have been funded by the Act. For example, on the island of Oahu are the interstates H1, H2, and H3, which connect important military facilities on the island. Urban Legend Some people believe that one mile out of every five on interstate highways is straight to serve as emergency airplane landing strips. According to Richard F. Weingroff, who works in the Federal Highway Administrations Office of Infrastructure, No law, regulation, policy, or sliver of red tape requires that one out of five miles of the interstate highway system must be straight. Weingroff says that its a complete hoax and urban legend that the Eisenhower interstate highway system requires that one mile in every five must be straight to be usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies. Besides, there are more overpasses and interchanges than there are miles in the system. Even if there were straight miles, planes attempting to land would quickly encounter an overpass on their runway. Side Effects The Interstate Highways that were created to help protect and defend the United States of America were also to be used for commerce and travel. Though no one could have predicted it, the interstate highway was a major impetus for the development of suburbanization and the sprawl of U.S. cities. While Eisenhower never desired the interstates to pass through or reach into the major cities of the U.S., it happened. Along with the interstates came the problems of congestion, smog, automobile dependency, a drop in densities of urban areas, the decline of mass transit, and other issues. Can the damage produced by the interstates be reversed? A great deal of change would be needed to bring it about. Source Weingroff, Richard F. One Mile in Five: Debunking The Myth. Public Roads, Vol. 63 No. 6, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, May/June 2000.

How to Spot the Pegasus Constellation

Stargazers looking for an easy-to-spot star pattern cant go wrong with the constellation Pegasus, the Winged Horse. Although Pegasus doesnt exactly look like a horse—more like a box with legs attached—its shape is so easily recognizable that its hard to miss. Finding Pegasus Pegasus is best spotted on dark nights beginning in late September and early October. Its not far from W-shaped Cassiopeia and lies just above Aquarius. Cygnus the Swan is not too far away, either. Look for a group of stars in the shape of a box, with several lines of stars extending out from the corners. One of those lines marks the Andromeda constellation.   Pegasus is one of three northern hemisphere autumn constellations that are easy to spot. It contains the globular cluster M14. Carolyn Collins Petersen Stargazers looking for the Andromeda Galaxy can use Pegasus as a guide. Some like to think of it as a baseball diamond, with the bright star Alpheratz as the first base mound. A batter hits a ball, runs to first base, but instead of going to second base, runs up the first base foul line until they run into the star Mirach (in Andromeda). They turn right to run into the stands, and before long, they run right into the Andromeda Galaxy.   The Story of Pegasus Pegasus the Winged Horse has a long history with stargazers. The name we use today comes from ancient Greek myths about a flying steed with mystical powers. Before the Greeks were telling tales of Pegasus, ancient Babylonian mystics called the star pattern IKU, meaning field. The ancient Chinese, meanwhile, saw the constellation as a giant black tortoise, while indigenous people of Guyana saw it as a barbecue. The Stars of Pegasus Twelve bright stars make up the outline of Pegasus, plus numerous others in the official IAU chart of the constellation. The brightest star in Pegasus is called Enif, or ÃŽ µ Pegasi. There are brighter stars than this one, such as Markab (alpha Pegasi), and of course Alpheratz. The stars that make up the Great Square of Pegasus form an unofficial pattern called an asterism. The Great Square is one of several such patterns that amateur astronomers use as they find their way around the night sky. The official IAU chart of the constellation Pegasus shows its brighter stars plus numerous others. It also shows a few deepsky objects, such as M15 and the Andromeda Galaxy. IAU/Sky Telescope   Enif, which can be seen as the muzzle of the horse, is an orange supergiant that lies nearly 700 light-years from us. It is a variable star, which means that it varies its brightness over time, mostly in an irregular pattern. Interestingly, some of the stars in Pegasus have planetary systems (called exoplanets) orbiting them. The famous 51 Pegasi (which lies on a line in the box) is a Sun-like star that was found to have planets, including a hot Jupiter.   Deep Sky Objects in Pegasus Constellation Although Pegasus is one of the largest constellations, it doesnt have a lot of easily-spotted deep-sky objects. The best object to spot is the globular cluster M15. M15 is a spherically shaped collection of stars bound together by mutual gravitational attraction. It lies just off the horses muzzle and contains stars that are at least 12 billion years old. M15 is about 33,000 light-years away from Earth and contains more than 100,000 stars. Its almost possible to see M15 with the naked eye, but only under very dark conditions. How to find the globular cluster M15. Carolyn Collins Petersen The best way to view M15 is through binoculars or a good backyard telescope.  It will look like a fuzzy smudge, but a good telescope or an image will reveal much more detail. An amateur view of M15 through a backyard-type telescope. Hunter Wilson/Wikimedia Commons The stars in M15 are so tightly packed together that even the Hubble Space Telescope, with its eye for detail, cannot make out individual stars at the core of the cluster. Currently, scientists use radio telescopes to find X-ray sources in the cluster. At least one of the sources is a so-called X-ray binary: a pair of objects that are giving off X-rays.   A Hubble Space Telscope view of the central region of globular cluster M15, which is so densely packed with stars that HST has trouble spying out individual ones. NASA/ESA/STScI Far beyond the limits of backyard telescopes, astronomers are also studying galaxy clusters in the direction of the Pegasus constellation, as well as the gravitationally-lensed object called the Einstein Cross. The Einstein Cross is an illusion formed by the gravitational influence of light from a distant quasar that passes by a galaxy cluster. The effect bends the light and ultimately causes four images of the quasar to appear. The name Einstein Cross comes from the cross-like shape of the images and the famous physicist Albert Einstein. He predicted that gravity affects space-time and that gravity could bend the path of light that passes near a massive object (or collection of objects).  That phenomenon is called a gravitational lens.

The End Effects Of World War I - 1555 Words

The End Effects of World War I World War I dragged on for a total of four years. Many were killed, some by another soldier, a mishap with a plane, or illness. On November 11, 1918, the war ended with an Armistice. The Armistice of World War I allowed the war to end without a winner. Germany got the heaviest load. The end of the war brought The Great Depression. Germany suffered the most during the Depression. The end of the war ignited a spark in many people that led to the roaring fire of World War II. World War I was a battle between the Central Powers and the Allies. The two main countries going to war were France and Germany. The allies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, made up The Central Powers. The Allies consisted of France, Russia and England. The War started with the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand. He was killed by a group of terrorists nineteen years of age or younger called The Black Hand. Today the world is faced with a terroristi c group called ISIS that could possibly start World War III. ISIS has been targeting very public places much like the Black Hand, however the Black Hand group was targeting just one specific person while ISIS attacks many random people. During wars, technology seems to speed up. This paved a way for the plane to be produced, and soon was integrated into the war. A World War I pilot had a lifespan anywhere from three months to three days. It was a very dangerous job. The pilots had airShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian Archduk Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesgruesome wars to ever happen in human history. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian Archduke, by the hands of a Bosnian Serb propelled a conflict of gigantic proportions, pitting country against country and dividing the continent into two rival factions. However, the mayhem that ensued was for nothing. 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At the time, however, it was believed that society would be rebirthed by the war and it would be changed to a more perfect form. There would be no sense in war anymore because humanity wouldRead MoreAfter the first few days of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Americans, without knowledge of1500 Words   |  6 Pages After the first few days of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Americans, without knowledge of the aftermath of these cities, began cheering and celebrating as the bombings marked the end of World War II. Also, this event showed that Americans would be the ones who would lead the world into the nuclear age. In a Gallup Poll taken from August 10-15, 1945, Americans were asked whether or not they approved or disapproved of the use of atomic bombs on Japanese cities, 85 percent approved, ten percent

Impact And Issues With Volunteering Role - 1309 Words

Impact and issues with volunteering role There was a noticeable impact on the patients form both my personal observations as well as the comments of the nursing staff in charge. Patients looked forward to the visits from both me and my fellow volunteers and were on the whole extremely grateful for the services we provided. The nursing staff also had their burden eased as they could leave the non-medical parts of the patient care to us so they had more focus on the patient’s medical care. I was often thanked by the nursing staff so I believe that there was a positive impact. I also observed many of the patients that I interacted with regaining their health and eventually being discharged as they become fit to live independently again and although the majority of this should attributed to medical intervention I believe a small amount of this can be attributed to the volunteers who helped maintain the mental and overall wellbeing of the patients. However, the impact from my volunteering is unlikely to be sustained outside of the hospital setting as the nature of the volunteering I did meant that I helped those who were acutely unwell and staying in hospital. Once they had been discharged and regained their usual functionality in day to day activities my interaction with them was at an end. I was able to build a strong relationship with a few of the patients though and it is my hope that some of those patients will remember me even when they are back to their normal lives, whichShow MoreRelatedBuilding Effective Service Learning Programs in Local Communities1387 Words   |  6 Pageshaving a positive impact on adolescents by counselors and educators, but it is important to identify potential issues with effective service learning. (Middleton Kelly, 1996). One of the biggest issues stems from a lack of facilitation on the larger social issues involved with community service. 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Case 5-2 Lexsteel Corporation Free Essays

What should the controller of Lexsteel do in order to address the potential problems within the corporation? †¢The controller became aware of the potential problems with the accounts payable system because of the discussion made with the external auditors. †¢Each branch manager is given the authority to order materials and issue emergency purchase orders directly to the vendors. †¢Physical counts of raw materials are not performed since there is a cost-effective computerized perpetual inventory system. We will write a custom essay sample on Case 5-2: Lexsteel Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢COMPUTER RESOURCES: The host computer mainframe at corporate headquarters is linked to the computers at each branch locations. Data transmission occurs between leased telephone lines between host computer and branch offices wherein it is maintained in an integrated database. The software also allows flexibility for managing user access and editing data input meaning there is no control over the software for it allows data editing without the proper authorization given. †¢PURCHASING PROCEDURES: The production orders and appropriate bills of materials needed are generated by the host computer at corporate headquarters. While the purchase orders for raw materials are generated by the purchasing function and is mailed to the vendors which contain an instruction to the vendor that the materials should be directly delivered to the manufacturing plant. There is a control between the generation of production orders needed and the purchase orders issued to the vendor but it is not an exception in the occurrence of fraud. At receipt, the manufacturing plant examines and verifies the count against the packing slip and transmits the receiving data to the accounts payable at corporate headquarters. Even though there is a proper segregation between custody and recording, still fraud may occur because of collusion. Also, each branch manager is given the authority to order materials and issue emergency purchase orders directly to the vendors. Fraud may also occur if collusion will be made by the branch manager and the vendor, with that proper control is a must. Since the company employs a cost effective computerized perpetual inventory system, physical counts of raw materials are not performed. With that, the generation of production orders and purchase orders may be deceived because the count of raw materials that are needed are not matched with the proper physical count on its ending inventory. †¢ACCOUNTS PAYABLE PROCEDURES: Vendor invoices are mailed directly to the corporate headquarters and entered by the accounts payable personnel when received. This often occurs before the branch offices transmit the receiving data so the recorded vendor invoices are not properly matched with the receiving report. Uncertainties of amount may exist. The checks and the payment listings are made by the accounts payable function and are transmitted to the treasurer’s office for signature and mailing to the payee. After validation, payment listings are returned to the accounts payable section for filing. In here, there is no proper control in the preparation and validation of checks and payment listings for the verification of it is not done which may result into collusion and creation of dummy payee made by the treasurer’s office and the accounts payable function. How to cite Case 5-2: Lexsteel Corporation, Papers

Male Vanity free essay sample

Examines the growing market for a variety of male health and beauty products. Men today will do many things to keep up a good appearance that in the past they would have considered too feminine or otherwise wrong for men to pursue. Men are working harder to make themselves look younger, stronger, more powerful, and healthier. This is part of a general trend in which all people are more interested in health, exercise, and youth, things that our whole society sees as important. Men are going to great lengths to give themselves a better appearance. One way to see how important this has become for men is to look into the way men are buying certain products to add to their appearance and their health. One observer writes, As the bulk of the male baby boomers approach 50, now more than ever, men are examining their options for looking as fit and healthy as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Male Vanity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While it

Employment Relations Australian Financial Review

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Relations for Australian Financial Review. Answer: Introduction The current report is based on the changes that should be made to Better Off Overall Test. The Fair Work Commission when determining whether to approve a proposed enterprise agreement applies this test. The test is conducted on the basis of the relevant modern award that covers employees that could be covered by the proposed the enterprise agreement. As put forward by Angwin (2017), BOOT requires each award-covered employee as well as each prospective award-covered employee should be better off under the agreement. It is also identified that BOOT develops award conditions that need to be traded off. An agreement passes the better off overall test if Fair Work Commission Australia is satisfied that each award covered employee as well as each prospective award covered employee could be better off overall if they were employed under the agreement instead of the under the relevant modern award (Bray 2014). Fair Work Commission Australia could be able to investigate the cases of employees in implementing the better off overall test. However, as the corporate environment has been dynamic, the policies of Fair Work Commission need to be changed. By evaluating the effectiveness of current policies, a set of suggestions have been provided. Background The Better off overall test is a principle in Australian organizations agreements that need employees are better off under the agreement than if the significant award applied. The Fair Work Commission considered the application of BOOT regarding its application to every single employee or to majority of workers. As put forward by Clark, Taylor and Oakes (2016), the Fair Work Commission discarded a proposed enterprise agreement for Coles Supermarket because it did not pass the better off overall test. When the regulations require that each work should be better off the under an organizational agreement than the award, Fair Work Commission might not be satisfied if a majority of employees will be better off. Thus, a state of disagreement and controversy has been observed between the Fair Work Commission and the employers (Fair Work Commission 2017). It is possible for Fair Work Commission to approve an agreement that does not fulfill the requirement of BOOT, but only in some limited ca ses where the tribunal considers that approval of the agreement is not contrary to the public interest (Hannan 2016). Aim of the Report The aim of the report is to evaluate the effectiveness of Better Off Overall Test and provide suggestions to improve the Test. Thereby, considering this particular aim, the report focuses on the current effectiveness of the test because of which the employers and employees are in the consistent controversy. Scope of the Report The report only focuses on the current effectiveness of BOOT and based on the analysis, it provides suitable strategies that increase the efficiency of the test. However, Fair Work Commission in Australia has certain issues with the Better off test but the report does not include those issues. Discussion BOOT and its introduction The better off overall test is implemented by Fair Work Commission to judge the effectiveness of the proposed enterprise system. This test is significant as it is developed on the basis of relevant modern award that includes workers that need to be covered by the proposed enterprise system. It includes each award-covered worker as well as each potential award-covered to better off under the agreement. In order to decrease the level of inefficiency and flaws in the employment policy, the Fair Work Commission has introduced BOOT. According to the principles of Fair Work Commission, the enterprise agreement must pass the better off test (Fair Work Commission 2016). Thereby, the Commission accepts the terms of the enterprise agreement or the outcome of the Test, each award-covered employee must be better off under the agreement in comparison with the relevant modern award. The Commission in Australia has shown its concern regarding the pay rates for junior as well as casual employees in the agreement. BOOT Applied to Coles The department of Fair Work Commission disapproved the proposed enterprise agreement for Coles Supermarket due, since it did not pass the better off overall test. As per the regulations, each employee should be better off under an enterprise agreement instead of the award. The organization Coles tried to minimize the penalty rates as well as compensate for the deduction via entitlements. The enterprise argued that by increasing the standard rate to a certain extent and providing other significant benefits. As per the regulation, the company has to compensate its employees adequately for the loss of wages. According to department of Fair Work Commission, the contingent leave entitlements depended on a particular employee availing that leave benefit. In several cases, these contingent entitlement might not properly compensate for the clear as well as unambiguous deduction in wages at the time of penalty rate periods (Hannan 2016). Eventually, the Fair Work Commission in Australia advis ed Coles to reapply for the acceptance of revised enterprise agreement once the company identified these deficiencies. Thereby, while reapplying for the approval of new enterprise system, Coles developed undertakings to meet the criteria of Commissions concern with an undertaking of giving employees a right to ask for a reconciliation to check employees wages in roster criteria is larger than what will be entitled to receive. Based on the undertakings provided by the company Coles, the newly proposed agreement was further approved (Oakes and Clark 2016). Thereafter, according to the criteria, an individual employee sough leaves to appeal the accepted decision on certain grounds that should include the following The agreement did not fulfill the criteria of BOOT and the non-monetary benefits under the agreement seem to be unacceptable to offset a negative wage outcome A clause dealing with the pay rates for part-time workers who accepted additional hours developed a clear detrimental to part time workers The reconciliation technique undertaking considered by Coles is only triggered on the demand of a worker In spite of the objection of Coles, Fair Work Commission agreed to the appeal mentioning the core significance of assuring that the agreement meets the criteria of BOOT considering the significant number of workers, who might be disallowed from the benefits if BOOT is not properly passed. The Fair Commission Work has decided that Coles did not meet the criteria of BOOT and the company was given a particular deadline to deliver fresh undertaking to identify the concerns of the Commission. Nevertheless, the company was failed to provide these undertakings and as the consequence, the agreement has now been disapproved in spite of reports of stringent support of employees. Consequently, almost 10,000 employees of Coles how were covered by the agreement have now fallen back under the earlier agreement developed in 2011 (Stevens 2017). BOOT was applied to HM The Fair Work Commission has disapproved an application by H M to approve their 2016 enterprise agreement based on the fact that it did not pass Better Off Overall Test. The Fair Work Commission department puts an end to the long-term dispute over the agreement between HM and the shop. In accordance with the application approval, an analysis of 50 randomly selected casual rosters by the SDA identified that two out of 50 employees were deprived from the benefits in comparison with the award under the agreement. The fundamental claims increased the concerns regarding less break times as well as the working hours being averaged to assure that employees were not being told to work on weekdays as well as weekends frequently. As put forward by Desir (2017) the loss of penalty rates on Saturday, weeknights and Sunday leaves were not given compared to the awards. In this context, Low (2017) also commented that non-casual employee working above 60% of the hours after 6 pm on weekdays will be worse off than the award under the agreement. In order to respond to the situation, HM reported that agreement left salaried workers better off overall as it requires them to guarantee minimum salaries for all hours worked fulfilled the criteria of award. The company also provides long breaks, volunteer leaves and parent leaves as well as increased notice of termination. In this context, Marin-Guzman (2017) commented that over several months, the SDA on supporting HM retail workers right across the nation increased its concern with the agreement. The company did not comply with the BOOT test. Like the employees in others, the workers of retail employees deserve fair pay, adequate breaks as well as decent working conditions that give them a chance to keep the balance between their personal as well as family lives. In addition to this, SDA is trying to negotiate an agreement with HM that contain fair pay as well as working condition. Thus, they could compile with the conditions of Fair Work Commission tries to compile with the conditions of Fair Work Commissions Better Off Test. Strength and Weakness of BOOT Strength The introduction of BOOT is effective for the workers as they have the opportunity to avail the necessary employee benefits working in an enterprise (Stevens 2017). The BOOT agrees to the conditions to be traded off as long as the overall benefits received by the employees remain as more favorable The employees feel a sense of satisfaction as the employers negotiating with the enterprise agreement the workers. The employers must have to consider all required conditions, benefit as well as disadvantages to keep pace with the modern corporate environment While preparing enterprise agreements, the organizations need not be concerned with assuring each and every conditions that leave the workers better off instead of being covered by the advanced award. For the employers, BOOT could deliver a much simpler system for compensating the employees when compared to the strict application of the significant relevant advanced awards. In several workplace, there is more than one award that is applicable to its employees. The BOOT test could streamline this technique by incorporating penalty rates, overtime as well as other allowances entitlement into a base rate payable to worker in accordance with the classification. Weakness For organizations, the major disadvantage is the time as well as cost required to negotiate enterprise bargaining to manage the approval process with the Fair Work Commission (Patrick 2017) The organization must have to follow the stringent procedures as well as the timeframe that needs to be implemented. The failure to the implementation could lead result in the rejection of agreement If workers want to be represented by the union, they have to pay union fees, which over time could amount to a particular amount of money (Marin-Guzman 2017). To approve the enterprise agreement, the organizations require a majority of votes and if the employees do not agree with the union, the union does not have to any options besides subject to the agreement. Table 1: Strength and Weakness (Source: Marin-Guzman 2017) How BOOT test can be improved The implementation of BOOT has always been effective for the organization as it helps the organizations to deal with the employees and their external disputes. If an organization passes the BOOT test and the company is able to satisfy Fair Work Commission, the employees of each department will better off under the enterprise agreement. However, it is also observed that Fair Work Commission is involved into the dispute with the enterprise regarding the Fair work judgment. Thus, it is necessary for the enterprise to pass BOOT test to avoid the dispute with the employees and Work Commission. Fair Work Commission has to make the judgment to make up for any loss of award entitlements and conditions. In some particular context, Fair Work Commission could approve an organization agreement that does fulfill BOOT. Moreover, Fair Work Commission should ensure an individuals base rate of pay under an organization agreement should not be less than the base rate of pay under the relevant modern a ward. The Fair Work Commission could vary an organizations agreement to remove the ambiguity as well as uncertainty on the application of companies. In this context, () commented that in order to avoid the disputes as well as its consequences, the enterprise and the workers could make a joint application to Fair Work Commission. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be added that enterprises should comply with the rules and regulations developed by Fair Work Commission. In order to avoid the employee dispute and pressure from the Commission, the enterprise should comply pass the BOOT test. However, it is also observed that the decision of Fair Work Commission will set a precedent but it will not be an eventual solution for other sectors in Australia. To avoid the further dispute with the Enterprises, the Fair Work Commission should implement the following recommendations. Recommendation To balance the benefits of both employers and the employees, Fair Work Commission needs to become an independent body with the power to implement a series of actions that are effective for all parties involved in the scenario. The department of Fair Work Commission should cover employers, workers, unions as well as other associates. The Fair Work Commission should develop the following principles to keep the balance among all parties. The principles must include the following business, as there are many sectors where the workers do not receive the fair judgment Any organization that is constitutional corporation Any organization in Victoria The commonwealth authority All registered organizations The Fair Work Commission should exercise the powers outlined in the dispute resolutions techniques. The Commission should assist with the dispute by mediation or developing a suggestion. The Commission could arbitrate the dispute if the dispute resolution techniques allow the parties. Moreover, the general protections provisions of Fair Work Commission should focus on protecting the employees from the possible adverse actions based on certain rights such as workplace right, entitlement right as well as industrial activities. The dispute resolution process of Fair Work Commission should include conciliation. Instead of continuing with the existing principles, Fair Work Commission should publish a comprehensive guide with the intensive information about the procedures. References Angwin, M 2017. EBAs are now just a blockage to productivity, Australian Financial Review, 14 February, p. 39. Bray, M, Waring, P, Cooper, R and Macneil, J. 2014. Employment relations: Theory and practice, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Education (Australia), North Ryde. Clark, S, Taylor, J and Oakes, D 2016. Coles could be forced to renegotiate pay deal with thousands of workers after Fair Work ruling, ABC News, 31 May. Available at URL: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/part-time-coles-worker-wins-fair-case-against-supermarket-giant/7463132 [Accessed 28 February 2017]. Desir, B 2017. HM enterprise agreement fails BOOT, National Retail Association, 29 January. Available at URL: https://www.nra.net.au/hm-enterprise-agreement-fails-boot/ Fair Work Commission (FWC) 2016. 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